Disk Operating System, Hardware and Software Differences

Hardware and Software Differences

There are two parts to a computer system, the hardware and the software. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. An example of hardware components would be the monitor, keyboard and mouse. Software represents the programs which contain a set of instructions written to perform a certain task on the computer.

What is DOS?

DOS stands for Disk Operating System. DOS controls the computer's hardware and provides an environment for programs to run. This system program must always be present when working with your computer.

It's a command processor which works as an interface between you, the user, and DOS. It basically interprets what you have typed at the DOS prompt and processes them. Commands can be categorized into INTERNAL (memory resident) and EXTERNAL (utilities / programs) types.

MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system created for IBM compatible computers that was first introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released.

Start a DOS session by clicking on Start, Point to All Programs, Accessories and then click on Command Prompt. A DOS Window should be now open on your desktop. Well now for the first trick, to make the DOS Window display in full-screen hold down "Alt" and press "Enter" on the keyboard. To get it back to its previous state just repeat the operation again by holding down "Alt" and pressing "Enter" again. To switch back and forth between this tutorial and DOS it is best to keep the "Command Prompt" DOS session in a Window state instead of full-screen.

If you are working with Windows XP the Command Prompt should look something like the following where "UserName" will be your User Name:

C:\Documents and Settings\UserName>_

I should just mention that in the old days they used the word "Directories" for what we now call "Folders". For the purpose of this tutorial I will use the old naming "Directories" instead of "Folders".

Just to make sure we are all on the same page, when I talk about "Path" it mean the path to the current directory. In the case of "C:\Documents and Settings\UserName>" the path indicates the drive which is "C:" (C Drive),  the Directory is "Documents and Settings" and the Subdirectory is "UserName". On your system substitute "UserName" for what ever it may be on your system. 

Another use for "PATH" is the "PATH" environment variable on your machine. This can be set using the "PATH" command or "PATH" can be used to display the current settings for "PATH" on your system. But for now when I talk about "Path" it is just the "route" to a specific directory or subdirectory I'm talking about and not the "PATH" environment variable or command. When I actually get to the "PATH" environment variable or command I will make sure to inform you about it. 

 Moving Between Directories

To maneuver your way around Directories use the CD (think of Change Directory to easily remember it) command. The CD.. command is used to back your way down a certain path. Now click on "Command Prompt" on the Windows Taskbar to display the Command Prompt which should currently display "C:\Documents and Settings\UserName>". Type CD.. and press "Enter". Now the displayed path should be "C:\Documents and Settings>". Type CD.. again which should take you right to the root of the drive and it should display like follow: "C:\>".

To work your way up the path again to the same position you started of, use the CD command as follow: CD Documents and Settings which will land you in "C:\Documents and Settings>". Then type CD UserName (Remember to substitute UserName for what it is on your system) which will land you in "C:\Documents and Settings\UserName>".

To go right down to the root of the drive from the current subdirectory use the CD command as follow: CD\

If you used above CD\ command you should now be in the root of C: (C Drive). Just one last thing about the CD command, when you work your way up a path using the CD command you do not have to take it one directory at a time. I may be done as follow: CD Documents and Settings\UserName to land you right in the subdirectory.

Lets summarize:

CD..   (Work your way down a path)

CD\    (Take you right to the root of the drive)

CD NameOfDirectory\NameOfSubDirectory    (Work your way up a path)

CD     (When used on its own it just displays the current path)

 Switching Between Drives

This is very easy as all you have to do at the Command Prompt is type the following and press "Enter"

D:   (After typing D: press the "Enter" key to switch to D Drive)

E:   (After typing E: press the "Enter" key to switch to E Drive)

F:   (After typing F: press the "Enter" key to switch to F Drive)

C:   (After typing C: press the "Enter" key to switch back to C Drive)

  Clearing The Screen

You probably now have a DOS screen full of typing and displayed information. To clear it all just type CLS at the Command Prompt and press "Enter".

  Listing Directories (Folders) And Files

Type Dir at the Command Prompt and press "Enter" to display a listing of the Directories and Files contained in the current Directory.

There is various options to use with the Dir command:

Dir /p    (Pause the display after every screen - Press Enter to view next screen)

Dir /w    (Displays in Wide Format. Date and time file created not displayed)

Dir /aa    (Displays only files ready for archiving)

Dir /ah    (Displays only hidden files)

Dir /ar    (Displays only read-only files)

Dir /as    (Displays only system files)

Dir /a-a    (Displays all files except files ready for archiving)

Dir /a-h    (Displays all files except hidden files)

Dir /a-r    (Displays all files except read-only files)

Dir /a-s    (Displays all files except system files)

  Creating Directories (Folders)

If you are not currently in C: (C Drive) type C: and press the "Enter" key on the keyboard to take you to C Drive. Also if not currently in the root of C Drive (which will be displayed like this: "C:\>") type CD\ and press "Enter" to take you to the root of the drive. Now type MD MainDir and press "Enter" to create the in the root of C:\ the MainDir directory. The MD command is used to create directories. To remember it easier think of it as Make Directory.

Type the Dir /p command and press "Enter" to see if you can notice the MainDir directory. Note that directories will always be indicated by <DIR> right after the date and time fields. Then type cd MainDir to change current directory to C:>\MainDir>. (Note that you can use cd or CD as the case in which you type the commands does not matter).

Once inside the MainDir directory type md SubDir1 and press "Enter" to create a subdirectory called SubDir1 inside the MainDir parent directory. Follow it up by typing md SubDir2 to create a 2nd subdirectory inside the MainDir parent directory. 

Use the dir command to display a listing of your 2 subdirectories. I will get a little bit later to the issue of deleting directories as we are first going to use these subdirectories that have just been created in some exercises. 

Editing Text Files

At the command prompt type Edit and press "Enter". The MS-DOS Editor will now display in the Command Prompt Window. Type some text inside the editor window. Now click on "File" and then on "Save". Before we go any further first note the path indication just below the "File Name" label. It is indicating the current directory and path to it which should now be "C:\MainDir".  In the "Directories" box, double-click on "SubDir1". Note that the path should now be "C:\MainDir\SubDir1". Click on the first dot in the field next to the "File Name" label or use the Tab key until the cursor flickers in this field. Now type File1.txt in this field and click on OK. 

When ready click on "File" and then click on "New". Enter some text in the editor window and click on "File" and then on "Save". Notice the path just beneath the "File Name" label which should now be "C:\MainDir\SubDir1". However, we want to save our current information in the editor window into a new file and also in the "SubDir2" subdirectory instead of the "SubDir1" directory. In the box below "Directories" there should be 2 dots right at the top. Double click on ".." and notice that the path changed to "C:\MainDir". Doesn’t this look somehow familiar? Yes remember the CD.. command that is used to work your way backward down a path to the parent directory. It is fulfilling the same function in this "Directories" box. Next double-click on "SubDir2" and note that the path should now be "C:\MainDir\SubDir2". Use the Tab key on the keyboard until the cursor flickers in the field next to "File Name". Type File2.txt in this field and click on OK.

For the purpose of demonstrating some other commands we need to create another file. So here we go again. In the MS-DOS Editor click on "File" and then on "New". Type some text in this editor window and save it as "File3.dat" (Notice the different extension we use this time - ".dat" instead of ".txt") in "C:\MainDir\SubDir2". If you get stuck just look back at the steps in the previous paragraph. Also make double sure that it is saved in the "SubDir2" directory as we need it in that location for some of the exercises that will follow.

Now click on "File" and the on "Exit" to exit the MS-DOS Editor. You should be now back at the MS-DOS Command Prompt. Should you need to edit any of the text in the files you've just created use the Edit command. When the MS-DOS Editor displays, click on "File" and then on "Open". Use the "Directories" box to work your way up or down paths or to change drives. All files that is listed in the current directory will be listed in the "Files" box. To open a file double-click on it.

Just one last thing I would like to bring under your attention while we are still busy with the Edit command. If still in the MS-DOS Editor click on "File" and then on "Exit" to exit the MS-DOS Editor. Make use of the CD command to set the Command Prompt to "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>" if it is not the current directory. Type Edit at the Command Prompt and press the "Enter" key. Click on "File" and then on "Open". In the file name notice the following characters:  *.* which is called "wild cards". What it basically means is the any file name with any file extension will be listed in the "Files" box that is in the current directory. Change the *.* to *.dat and press "Enter". Notice that only files with the .dat extension will be listed. Alternatively change it to *.txt and only files with the .txt extension will be listed. We will get back to this "wild cards" at a later stage when deleting or copying files.

 Using The ATTRIB Command

The ATTRIB command is used to set file attributes like making a file read-only or make it a hidden file. All the different file attributes is listed below:

R      Read-only file attribute.
A      Archive file attribute.
S      System file attribute.
H      Hidden file attribute.

If you are still in the MS-DOS Editor click on "File" and then on "Exit". If you followed along the Command Prompt should currently be "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>". If it is not the case use the CD or CD.. command to change it to "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>". Type Dir at the Command Prompt and make sure that the files "File2.txt" and "File2.dat" are present in this subdirectory. If it is not the case exactly repeat the steps explained in the "Editing Text Files" section.  At the Command Prompt type Attrib +r File2.txt and press the "Enter" key. File2.txt should now be a read-only file. You can test this by typing Dir at the Command Prompt. Both "File2.txt" and "File3.dat" should now be listed. Now type Dir /ar at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". With this command entered like this only read-only files will be listed and you should now only see "File2.txt" listed.

Type Edit at the Command Prompt and click on "File" and then on "Open" in the MS-DOS Editor. Notice that the path beneath the "File Name" label should now be "C:\MainDir\SubDir2". If it is not the case set it by using the Directories box. Double-click on "File2.txt" to open it. Try to make some changes to the text in this file, but as you will see you will be notified that the file is read-only. If you should open this file in Notepad in Windows, you will see that you can make changes to it but you will not be allowed to save it under the same name. Exit the MS-DOS Editor now. At the Command Prompt type Attrib -r File2.txt and press the "Enter" key. The read-only attribute should now be removed from the file. If you open the file now with the MS-DOS Editor you will see that changes can be made and it can be saved. Exit the MS-DOS Editor by clicking on "File" and then on "Exit".

Under normal circumstances you should never have to use the "System File Attribute" as this is reserved for system files. Therefore the only other attribute that is worth mentioning is the "Hidden File Attribute". At the Command Prompt type Attrib +h File2.txt and press the "Enter" key. Type the Dir command and notice that "File2.txt" will not be listed. If you however type Dir /ah it will be possible to see this file as Dir /ah displays only hidden files. Likewise in Windows you will not be able to find the file if "Folder Options" is set to "Do not show hidden files and folders". If the "Folder Options" is set to "Show hidden files and folders" then you will be able to see the file even if its hidden attribute is set. At the Command Prompt type Attrib -h File2.txt to remove the hidden attribute.

 The TYPE Command

The Type command is use to display the contents of text files on screen. At the moment the Command Prompt should still be at "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>". If not please change it accordingly. Type Type File2.txt at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". The contents of "File2.txt" should now be displayed. Well that is all there is to the Type command.

 The COLOR Command

Lets spice up the console display with some color. Use the COLOR command to set the default console foreground and background colors. Below is a list of hex digits that represents certain colors.

0 = Black
1 = Blue
2 = Green
3 = Aqua
4 = Red
5 = Purple
6 = Yellow
7 = White
8 = Gray
9 = Light Blue
A = Light Green
B = Light Aqua
C = Light Red
D = Light Purple
E = Light Yellow
F = Bright White

Type COLOR 3f at the command prompt and press the "Enter" key to set the console background color to aqua and the foreground color to bright white. To reset the console foreground and background colors to its default state just type COLOR without any argument at the command prompt and press the "Enter" key.

  Moving Files

In the few examples that is going to follow we will make use of "wild cards" again when working with files to give you more insight into their use. Make sure the Command Prompt is currently "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>". If not use the CD or CD.. command to change it to "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>". At the Command Prompt type Move *.* C:\MainDir\SubDir1 to move the files to "SubDir1". Note how you had to specify the absolute path to Subdir1. Also note the use of wild cards. The *.* actually means All File Names with All Extensions should be moved to SubDir1. Type Dir at the Command Prompt and you will see that "File2.txt" and "File3.dat" is no longer present in "SubDir2".

To continue with the exercise we should change over to SubDir1. At the Command Prompt type CD.. which should move you back to "C:\MainDir>" and then type CD SubDir1 which should move you to the "C:\MainDir\SubDir1>" subdirectory. Type Dir at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". "File1.txt", "File2.txt" and "File3.dat" should now be present in "SubDir1".

At the Command Prompt type Move *.txt C:\MainDir\SubDir2 to move only the files with an .txt extension over to "SubDir2". When you do a directory listing with the Dir command you will notice that only "File3.dat" remains in the "SubDir1" subdirectory. Just a quick reminder, you do not have to use capital letters in your commands or in the path. I'm just doing it to make it more readable.

 Copying Files

For the purpose of this exercise we have to be back in "SubDir2" so use the CD.. command and type "Enter" to get back to the "C:\MainDir>" parent directory. Now type CD SubDir2 to move to the "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>" subdirectory.

Use the Dir command and notice that "File1.txt" and "File2.txt" that you previously moved here with the Move command will be present. At the Command Prompt type Copy *.* C:\MainDir\SubDir1 to copy all the files in "SubDir2" over to "SubDir1". You also could have used Copy *.txt C:\MainDir\SubDir1 that would have had the same effect as these were the only files present in this subdirectory.

Type Dir at the Command Prompt and notice that because you used Copy instead of Move, both files will still be present in the "SubDir2" subdirectory.

We must now change over to "SubDir1". At the Command Prompt type CD.. which should move you back to "C:\MainDir>" and then type CD SubDir1 which should move you to the "C:\MainDir\SubDir1>" subdirectory. Type Dir at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". "File1.txt", "File2.txt" and "File3.dat" should now be present in "SubDir1" as "File1.txt" and "File2.txt" has been copied here with the Copy command.

  Deleting Files With The DEL Command

Just a friendly reminder, take EXTREME care with the Del command as files deleted with this command is not going to the Recycle Bin and it can NOT BE RECOVERED.

Currently the Command Prompt should be at "C:\MainDir\SubDir1>". Type Del *.txt and use the Dir command to see the listing. Notice that all files with the .txt extension should have been deleted by the previous command. To delete the remaining file type Del File3.dat and do a directory listing again with the Dir command. There should be no remaining files.

Now we should change over to "SubDir2". Use the CD.. command to back down to the "C:\MainDir>" parent directory. Then use CD SubDir2 to move to the "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>" subdirectory. Do a Dir and notice that there is 2 files present in the subdirectory. Type Del *.* at the Command Prompt and do a Dir again. Notice when using the *.* wildcards together with the Del command that All File Names with All Extensions  will be deleted which will be all files present in the current directory or subdirectory.

When using the *.* wildcards with the Del command the system might prompt you if you are sure. Just type a y or n which ever may be the case and press "Enter". If you previously forgot to remove the read-only attribute from "File2.txt" access will be denied if you try to delete this file. To fix that just type Attrib -r File2.txt at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". The Del command should now work without denying you access.

  Deleting Directories (Folders) With The RD Command

As in the case when deleting files with the Del command, the same goes for when deleting Directories (Folders) with the RD command, please take EXTREME care with the RD command as Directories (Folders) deleted with this command is not going to the Recycle Bin and it can NOT BE RECOVERED.

If you currently are in the "C:\MainDir\SubDir2>" subdirectory use the CD.. command to back down to the "C:\MainDir>" parent directory.

Type RD SubDir1 and press "Enter" to delete the "SubDir1" subdirectory. To easily remember this command just think of RD as Remove Directory. Doing a Dir will reveal that "SubDir1' is deleted and only "SubDir2" remain. Proceed by typing RD SubDir2 to delete the "SubDir2" subdirectory.

Now type CD.. or CD\ to back down to the root of the drive. Type RD MainDir to delete the parent directory. Doing a Dir /p to see for yourself that it has been deleted. Just a quick reminder - the Dir /p is used to pause after every screen just in case the listing spans more than one screen.

  Displaying or Setting The Date And Time

Type Date at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". The current date will be displayed and you are offered the option to change the system date. If you want to change the date be sure to follow the format as indicated. If you do not want to make changes to the system date just press the "Enter" key without entering a new date.

To view or set the system time type Time at the Command Prompt. Type the new system time in the indicated format and press "Enter". If you do not want to make changes to the system time just press "Enter" without entering new time information.

  Other Uses For The COPY Command

If working with complex print jobs see if your software supports the "Print To File" option. This option is normally supplied in the print dialog box of certain applications like Microsoft® Word, Microsoft® Excel or CorelDraw® and lots of other software products. What is nice about this trick is that if the file is very complex and printing takes a long time to process, it can now only be processed once and from then on copied to the printer port. 

Another use for this "Print To File" feature is if you want the document printed on a printer that you do not have connected to your PC for instance a printer with better print quality.

Ok, lets do it by way of an exercise. Start up Microsoft® Word (On the keyboard press "Ctrl" and "Alt" simultaneously and then press "W" if you followed along with the Ultra-Fast Program Access tutorial). Do some typing and insert some colorful graphics or photos. Now one problem, your own printer's quality is maybe not exactly what you had in mind, but you can always pop over to your neighbor or a family member who got the latest and greatest of printing technology connected to their PC. Now you might be faced with another problem, your neighbor might not have the same software application that you used to produce your masterpiece in. What now? Now for the solution ...

Get hold of the Driver for the printer you plan to print to. (It might already be available in Windows XP if you go to "Control Panel", "Printers and Other Hardware" and click on "Add Printer" or download the driver from the Internet). In your newly created masterpiece in MS Word or whatever application that is supporting the "Print To File" option click on "File" and then on "Print". Select the printer that you plan to print this job for in the field next to "Name" of the Printer and click on "Print to file" to put a check mark in that selection box. Now click on OK. A "Print to file" dialog box will appear. In the left pane click on "Desktop" and in the field next to "File name" type the name of the file. For the purpose of this exercise just call it "myfile" without the quotes. This file should be now on the "Desktop". Also note that the file will have a .prn extension. 

Now copy "myfile.prn" to your favorite external media storage and you are ready to visit your neighbour. Copy "myfile.prn" to your neighbor’s PC's Desktop. Next start the MS-DOS Command Prompt. In Windows XP it can be done by clicking on "Start", point to "All Programs", point to "Accessories" and click on "Command Prompt". The Command Prompt should be something like:  "C:\Documents and Settings\UserName>" where "UserName" will be the name of the current user. Type the CD Desktop to move the Command Prompt to the Desktop directory (folder). Following is the final command to print the document on the desired printer. (For the command to work the printer must be connected to the LPT1 port).

Type copy /b myfile.prn lpt1 and press the "Enter" key. The results of this operation is not always as desired so please check if your document turns out as expected. 

(Please note that I have not actually tested this command on a machine running Windows XP, but in theory it should work if Windows XP allows the copy operation to go ahead. I will however post an update on this tutorial, once I connect a printer to the LPT1 port of my system again). 

 Batch Files

Batch files are a quick and efficient way to automate MS-DOS tasks or commands. Make sure the Command Prompt is currently in the root of C: (C Drive). It should display as follow:  C:\> (If not Type CD\ at the Command Prompt and press "Enter")

Type Edit at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". In the MS-DOS Editor enter the following lines of text exactly as shown below with each command on a separate line. (Press the "Enter" key when at the end of a line).

MD MainDir

CD MainDir

MD SubDir1

MD SubDir2 

In the MS-DOS Editor click on "File" then click on "Save". Next to the "File Name" label type "mybatch.bat" without the quotes in the "File Name" field and click on OK.  Exit the MS-DOS Editor by clicking on "File" and then on "Exit".

At the Command Prompt type mybatch and press the "Enter" key. The batch file will execute and firstly create the "MainDir" directory in the root of the current drive. Then it will do a change directory to "C:\MainDir>". After that it will create "SubDir1" and "SubDir2" in the parent directory "MainDir" by using the MD (Make Directory) command. If you do a Dir now you will notice that you are already in the "MainDir" parent directory and the 2 created subdirectories is present. (Note that the names "MainDir", "SubDir1" and "SubDir2" I'm using is just to make explaining the exercises easier. You may use any name you desire.

  The PATH Command

As I said earlier I will devote some time to this command. The PATH command is used to set or display the search path for executable files. If the Command Prompt were currently at "C:\MainDir>" and you typed Edit to launch the MS-DOS Editor, the Command Interpreter (command.com in earlier OS versions or lately cmd.exe) would not have been able to find the MS-DOS Editor program if not for the PATH statement. Type PATH at the Command Prompt and press the "Enter" key. All the different search paths will be listed. So when you type Edit at the Command Prompt the Command Interpreter will search through all these paths to find the Edit Program. 

I recommend that you read through the 3 paragraphs below, but DO NOT ACTUALLY TYPE OUT AND EXECUTE THE COMMANDS if not really required. (At a later stage I will show you in one of the more advanced Windows tutorials how to safely and permanently make changes to your system's path and under what circumstances you really need to do it).

To reset the path type PATH; at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". (DO NOT ACTUALLY DO THIS AS YOUR MACHINE MAY NOT OPERATE CORRECTLY AFTER THE PATH HAS BEEN CLEARED)

To create a new search path type for instance PATH C:\MAINDIR at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". (NOTE HOWEVER THAT THIS WILL CLEAR ALL OTHER SEARCH PATHS AND CAUSE YOUR MACHINE TO OPERATE INCORRECTLY)

The most logical way to correctly use the path statement is to append the old PATH to your newly created path. Your machine should then still function properly. Do it as follow by typing PATH C:\MAINDIR;%PATH% at the Command Prompt and pressing the "Enter" key. (Note that no spaces is to be used in the statement/parameters section immediately after the PATH command. There should only be one space and that is immediately after the PATH command right in front).

These settings to the systems path is only temporary. Should you mesh it up, shut down the computer and restart it to reset the PATH to its original state.

 Other Import MS-DOS Commands

I'm not going to talk about the FDISK and FORMAT command in this tutorial. These command used to be very important in preparing your hard disk before loading Windows 98 or previous versions. With the widespread use and easy installation procedures of Windows XP these commands have dropped in importance as Windows XP basically leads you through the process.

To give you more insight into these 2 commands and your system as a whole, I will however in the future write a separate tutorial for them that will be intended to be practiced on an old machine and not a machine that is in everyday use.

 Getting Help From DOS

I have covered by way of exercises the commands that will see you through with MS-DOS. Just in case you need more or quickly need info about one of the commands I've covered above, help is at hand directly from MS-DOS. 

To get a listing of all MS-DOS commands type Help at the Command Prompt and press "Enter". Make sure the Command Prompt is not in full-screen mode otherwise you will not be able to see the complete listing. When not in full-screen mode you can use the scroll-bars at the right of the window to scroll up or down.

To get help for a specific command type CommandName help or type CommandName /? and press the "Enter" key. Below is some examples:

dir help

or

copy /?

Finally remember that you do not have to use capital letters to type out the commands.

  The EXIT Command

To exit the Command Prompt session type Exit and press "Enter".

 

ESTIMATION OF BLOOD SUGAR (GLUCOSE)BY ORTHO-TOLUIDINE METHOD

ESTIMATION OF BLOOD SUGAR (GLUCOSE)BY ORTHO-TOLUIDINE METHOD

AIM:

To estimate the amount of blood sugar by ortho toluidine method.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

The requirement for serum glucose level analysis is made incase of suspected diabetes mellitus (DM) .Increased serum glucose level is hyperglycemia with glycosurea is a diagnosis for diabetes mellitus. In this case of glucose tolerance test (GTT) and increased level of glucose is also noted with increased endocrine activity. A decreased level of serum glucose in hypoglycemia is often associated with starvation and hyperinsulinism, and decreased endocrine activity.

Several methods have been for glucose determination such as:

1. Benedict's quantitative method.
   
2. Folin.wu method
   
3. O-toluidine method
   
4. Glucose oxidize method
   
5. Alkaline copper reduction method
   

Among o-toluidine method is more convenient for its simplicity and closure to the true glucose level than the other method. This method dose requires protein free filtrate, which make it easy to perform. True glucose is determined only by enzymatic method. A normal range by o-toluidine is eventually with the same as that of glucose oxidizes method.

PRINCIPLE:

The aldehyde group of glucose condenses with o-toluidine in glacial acetic acid (aldehyde free colorless). On heating, giving an embral green color which is measured calorimetrically or photo metrically at 630nm. The intensity of color is proportion to the glucose concentration. The presence of thiourea stabilizes the o-toluidine reaction. This method is discouraged because of the carcinogenic effect of toluidine. It is a still popular because of its simplicity, accuracy and rapidity.

 

CH₃

 

 

O-Toluidine Glycosylamine Schiff's Base

PRECAUTION:

The chemical o-tlouidine must be handled carefully, should not touch the skin and acetic acid fumes should not be inhaled.

NORMAL VALUE OF SERUM GLUCOSE:

Normal value of serum glucose is determined as reduced substance equal to 70-110mg/dl or 80-120mg/dl.

REAGENTS:

STOCKS STANDARD SOLUTION:

Dissolve 1gm of glucose in 100ml of distilled water(1gm/100ml)

GLUCOSE WORKING STANDARD SOLUTION (100MG%):

Dilute 10ml of glucose stock standard solution to 100ml of distilled water. This solution gives100mg% of glucose.

O-TOLUIDINE REAGENT:

It contains:

• O-toluidine solution - 60ml.
  
• Thiourea - 1.5gm
  
• glacial acetic acid(aldehyde free) 1000ml
  
• Thiourea stabilizes the o-toluidine reagent.
  
• 3% TCA
  
• 3gm of trichloro acetic acid in 100ml of distilled water
  

 

PROCEDURE:

Take 3 test tubes and marked them as blank(B),standard(S),test(T).To each of 3 test tube add 10ml of o-toluidine reagent. Add 0.1ml of working standard solution which is marked as (S).To the another test tube marked as (T), add 0.1ml of serum test solution and add 0.1ml distilled water which is marked as(B).Put all the test tubes in boiling water bath. Take care to ensure that the water level in boiling water bath should cover the contents of the test tubes for heating. Boil the test tubes exactly for 5-8minutes then remove the test tubes and cool to room temperature, then determine optical density at 630nmor by using red filter.

PROCEDURE FOR BLOOD:

To 1.9ml of 3%TCA in a centrifuge tube, add 0.1ml of blood, mix well and centrifuge for 10minutes .Pipette 1ml of clear supernatant liquid into a test tube. Add 5ml of o-toluidine to the above solution and then determine the optical density value.

RESULT:

The amount of glucose presents in the given sample and blood was tested and found to be:

1. Given sample(T₁)=
   
2. Blood sample(T₂)=
   

 

CALCULATION:

1. Milligram percentage of glucose in the given test sample= optical density of test x concentration of standard Optical density of standard

2. Milligram percentage of glucose in blood=

Optical density of blood x concentration of standard

Optical density of standard

SNO	Reagent	Blank	Standard	Test	Blood
1	o-toluidine	10ml	10ml	10ml	10ml
2	Working standard solution	-	0.2ml	-	-
3	Distilled water	0.2ml	-	-	-
4	Serum or test solution	-	-	0.2ml	-
5	Supernatant of blood	-	-	-	0.2ml

 

 

SNO	Test tubes	Optical density(OD) values
1	Blank
2	Standard
3	Test
4	Blood sample

FAHIONABLE EFFECTS ON GARMENTS

 

FAHIONABLE EFFECTS ON GARMENTS

PROJECT WORK 2009-2010

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

FASHION

Accepted by a given segment of the population. Fashion is an art and it is a science to be more presice    Fashion can be defined as an ideal of beauty that is currently excise it is Fashionable apparel is group of garments that are more or less new and are accepted by group of people as desirable and beautiful

Fashion is associated with a particular time or period. The prevailing or accepted style in dress or personal decoration established or adopted during a particular time or season

The terms of fashion and style are confused by many people who say "that's the style" when they really mean "that's the fashion".

 

FASHIONABLE APPAREL

                It is a group of garments that are more or less new and are      Accepted by group
of people as desirable and beautiful.

FASHION AND VARIATION    

Fashion in cloths has allowed wears to express emotion or solidarity With other people for millennia. Modern Westernes have a wide choice Available in the selection of their cloths, what a person chooses to wear can reflect their personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start

        Fashion may vary signicantly with in a society according according to age, social class generation, occupation and geography as well as overtime. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion in the eyes of Both young and older people. The term fashion victim refer's to some One who Slavishly follows the current fashion (implementation of fashion)

 

FASHION AND THE PROCESS OF CHANGE

Fashion,by definition,changes constantly, the change may proceed more rapidly than in most other field of human activitly    

Materially affluent societies can offer a varity of different fashions in cloths or accessories, to choose from. At the sometime, there Remains an equal or larger range designated. (At least currently)"out of Fashion" (These or similar fashion may cyclically come back in to fashion Include course and remain in fashion again for a while).

        FASHION AND STATUS

Fashion sense consist of the ability to tell what clothing and/or Accessories look good and what doesn't, since the entire nation of Fashion depends on subjectivity. So does the question of whom Posers fashion sense", some people style themselves as "fashion Consultants" and change clients to help the latter choose what to wears.

         FASHION TRENDS

As fashion is a last morning and it is difficult for a designer to prefect and accurately inter prêt the "fashionable look" for a particular season. A major problem facing a fashion designer and buyer is how to desire what fashion garment and products its customers will want to but Each season. The problem is simple to articulate, but not easy to Resolve, as most customs do not know themselves which particular . Fashion designs they will want until the products have been promoted in the media and arrival in the strong so fashion trends in particular season only is not standard.

         FASHION EVOLUATION

Generally, fashion changes evolve gradually, giving consumers time to become accustomed to new combination and looks. Designers arrive at new fashion
look by changing design demands such as line , colour, fablic and details and relationship to one another

            FASHION CYCLES

Consumers are exposed, each season, to a multitude of new style. created by designers. Some are rejected immediately offer by the pass or by the buyer on the retail level, but other is accepted for a time, as Demonstrated by consumer purchasing and wearing them.

The way in which fashion changes is usually described as a fashion cycle. It is difficult to categorize or theorize about fashion with out over simplifying .

FASHIN ILLUSTRATION

It is the communication of fashion design through drawing. The main focusin the fashion figure.The term "fashionable and un fashionable" are employed to describe whether some one or something fix in with the current popularmode of expression, The fashion are a sort of communication of duty
goodness, fashion thus gives the artist the freedom for fashion as they wish

        FASHION TERM    

Fashion is the style or styles most popular at a given time . The term implies three components style acceptance and timelines

Style is any particular characteristic or look in apparel or accessories. Style way come and go in fashion , but a specific style always remains the same whether it is in fashion or not.

        WORLD FASHION CENTER

New yark,paries and Milan are considered the major hops for designers and manufacturers of fashion apparel and accessories.

London,los angeles,Toronto,hongkong,Sydney and sao polo in addition to hundreds of other smaller market areas are host to excellent designs and manufacturers.

 

 

 

CONTENTS

                     TITLE

ACKNOWLDEGEMENT

SYNAPSIS

INTRODUCTION

FASHION AND VARIATION

FASHIONABLE APPERAL

FASHION AND THE PROCESS OF CHANGE

FASHION AND STATUS AND TREND

FASHION EVALUATION AND CYCLES

FASHION ILLUSTRATION AND TERM

WORLD FASHION CENTRE

LITERATURE SURVEY

EMBROIDERY

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMBROIDERY IN ALL OVER INDIA

ZARDOSI

SILK EMBROIDERY

TYPES OF EMBROIDERY STITCH

EMBROIDERIES ON FASHIONABLE GARMENT

JEWELRY

BEADS

APPLIQUES

SEQUINS

LACES

SATEEN AND SATIN

METHODOLOGY

BIBILOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LITERATURE SURVEY

 

 

EMBROIDERY

     Embroidery adds additional look which gives a new look to the garment. usually embroiders are used in ethic weal. which are worn on occasions. In this project all kinds of stone works used.

    MACHINE EMBROIDERY

There are three types of machines embroidery stitches and as

follows.

FREE HAND EMBROIDERY

Take pressers foot out and fit the embroidery plate on the machine. This will cover the feed dog so that the movement of the cloth can be controlled by hand. set the stitch regulator for along stitching trace out the design we want to embroidery on the fabric and fit the cloths in an embroider on the faint and fit the cloths in an embroidery frame so that it is stitched uniformly and the traced designs is in the center of the frame.

Now the embroidery framed has to be manipulated towards or away from every time the goes up out of the cloth. All sorts of effect can be achieved in free hand embroidery. It is possible to produce stitches and drawn thread work stitches. This technique can be learned by watching demonstrator and then prating with diligence

AUTO EMBROIDERY

Machine made pattern can be useful as well as decorative, a number of automatic patterns are ideal for finishing off ledger of table cloths, tray designs can be worked using automatic machine made patterns

 

 

         USE OF ZIG ZAG STITCH

        For appliqué work, cut out the motifs and take them in place once at a time on the main fabric and fit tue fabric in an embroidery frame, use the zigzag stitch on the machine to cover tue raw ledges

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMBROIDERIES IN ALL OVER INDIA

KANTHAS

The world kanthas in Bengali means a quilt you might be surprised to know that the exquisite art of kanthas actually begain as a humble attempt to recycle old clothing

Wants to cover layer upon layer of that old fabric with a dence net work of stitches that formed a design.The earlist known kantha dates back to the 1800s. The red blue and blackthreads used for the embroidery was unraveled from sari borders. In a kantha creation the fabric is usually populated with elements of nature, such as finals peacocks, elephants,horses and even human motifs.

KASHIDA

Kashida a word derived from the Persian word to draw wncompasses al the basic stithes of Indian embroidery : steem, chiain, long and short stitches, running satin, and the occasional herringbone, button, hole, daring, and the jail (open work done on silk with a single threads).Persian craftsmen introduced kashida to Kashmir in the 15^th century (one of the theories).Persian and Chinese aesthetics are still apparent in their embroidery through nature is primary influence. The refinement and exquisite detailing of the kashida which is done extensively on wool, sun pases embroidery done else where in the world.

ZARDOSI

The world zardosi and heavy intricately worked bridal wear flashes in your mind. The term zardosi means gold embroidery : it is derived from to Persian words-zar meaning gold and dosi meaning embroidery. The Indians love of gold unparallel. From the 12^th to 21^st century gold remained an

        Chain stitch is one of the most ancient stitches. Examples in silk have been chinaand dated to the time of the warring states period (475-221BC) and earlier.

Zardozi work is an extension of zari embroidery which is done wicrochethook.The embroidery done gives the appearance of chain stitch. The things required for doing zardozi are beads, dabka, coiled wires, sequins,etc.

As zardozi is done with coiled metalwires studded with stones, beads,etc. is heavy in weight therefore is done on fabrics that are thick and heavy like silk, velvet, stain, crepe,etc.Thus the choice of fabrics is also royal and expensive. The design to be done is first traced on the fabric, then it is spread on the wooden frame. Further the embroidery is done by picking up single thread in the needle and sewing it into the cloth. This art requires patience and is quite complicated. Expertise is required to do it properly.

Earlier zarzodi was done on wearable garments and bedspreads mainly for royal families. But now it has got into the reach of common peoplw also. Cloths with zardosi are an integral part for any wedding or important function as it depicts royalty. Apart from wearable garments, zardosi is also done cushion covers, table cloths hangings, fabric, purses, etc.

         SILK EMBROIDERY

Silk embroidery is a type of Oriental wall art that result from the traditional chines skills of pulling fine strands of colored silk through a canvas to create a beautiful work of art. The most common way to enjoy silk embroidery is as a framed, wall-hanging object.Hence, it is ideal as a gift , collectible, home decoration, souvevir, or office piece. The art of skills embroidery originated In China and has been practiced there for over 3,800 years. It reached a high level early in the Qing and Han dynasties, with silk and silk embroidery being the main prodects transported along the ancient Chineses Silk Road .

China was one of the first countries to transform embroidery into an advanced art form. The use of special embroidery techniques and styles sets apart Chineses embroidery from embroidery created in other parts of the world. In the past, aembroideryskils were considered to be an essitial every woman was to possess . A women sho could create a high-quality embroidery piece was admire and well-respected. Women from rich families took on embroidery as a hobby while those from poor familiaes did it for a living.

DOUBLE SIDED SILK EMBROIDERY

Double sided silk embroidery is the result of an advanced embroidery technique which the artist stitches on both sides of a single transparent silk canvas. The embroidered design displays on both the front and back sides the fabric and does not show the joints in the stitching. Such a work is normally mounted as a screen on a wooden frame.

 

TYPES OF SILK EMBROIDERY

        "SU" EMBROIDERY

"Su" embroidery of Jiangsu Province-known for itsdelicacy and elegance, this style is usually very simple, highlighting a main theme. Its stitching is smooth, dense, thin, neat, even, delicate and harmonius. The thin thread is divided into up to 48 strands that are barely visible to the naked eye. Su embroidery is where double-sided embroidery originated. Su embroidery products were sent t participate in the Panama World Fair in 1915.

"XIANG"

Xiang embroidery of Human Province- became the main craft in places around Changsha, capital city of Human Province, in the Qing Dynasty. Xiang embroidery was developed from Hunan folk embroidery methods, but it also drew on the skills of Su embroidery and Yue embroidery. This method uses loose colorful threads to embroidery the pattern with the stitches being not as neat as those of other embroidery styles. The various colored threads are mixed together, showing a gradual change in color with a rich and harmonies tone. Designs on Xiang embroidery mostly derive from traditional Chinese paintings of landscapes, human figures, flowers, birds and animals. The most common designs on Xiang embroidery are lions and tigers. The tigers appear strong and bold, revealing their power and menace as a king of animals. Xiang embroidery won the best awards in the Torino World Fair Italy in 1912 and the First Awards in the Panama World Fair in 1933.

 

"YUE" EMBROIDERY

Yue embroidery of Guangdong Province- is rich complicated in content with bright colors and strong decorative effects. The embroidery is smooth and even. One type, gold and silver cushion embroidery, creates a magnificent three-dimensional effect. Yue embroidery has a wide range of designs, the most common ones being birds worshipping the sun, dragons and phoenixes.

"SHU" EMBROIDERY

"Shu" embroidery of Sichuan Province – are mostly found in Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province. They are made with soft satins and colored threads as the raw materials are embroidered by hand. The varied stitching methods form their unique local style. Designs on Shu embroidery include flowers, birds, landscapes, fish, worms and human figures. The products themselves include quilt covers, pillow covers, back cushions, table cloths, scarves and handkerchiefs.

TYPES OF EMBROIDERY STITCHES

There are countless stitches in use embroideries all over the world, through hey are all variations of three basic kinds – flat, knotted, and linked and looped. Flat stitches such as running, stain and cross stitch lie on the surface of the fabric. Knotted Knotted stitches such as French and Peking knot leave a raised or studded pattern on the surface. The classic example of a linked or looped stitch is chain stitch where the first stitch is held in place by the subsequent stitch.

RUNNING STITCH

To sew running stitch, the most basic of all the stitches, a threaded needle is quite simply passed in and out, through the ground fabric, giving the appearance of a broken line. It is a quick, easy stitch in this form is used to tack two pieces of cloth together temporarily, to quilt layers of fabric together permanently, or to sew linear patterns. Running stitch is used for the decorative elements in the quilted kanthas of Bangladesh and Eastern India, and the background is often echo quilted in white, in running stitch.

STAIN STITCH

Stain stitch is used to sew some of the most beautiful embroiders as it produces a precise, shiny, silken effect, which is replicated on the reverse. Though simple in conception, the stitch requires much patient skill to keep the design even with a well- defined edge. The stitches must also be worked very close together to give the requires satiny look. If a padded effect is wanted, the satin stitches can be worked over a base of tightly backed running or chain stitches or even over pieces of ready- shaped card. Stain stitch can be worked horizontally or diagonally.

        CHAIN STITCH

Chain stitch is a very versatile stitch with many vibrations and is in wide used in many parts of the world. It is often used to define lines or borders and can also be used as a pilling and padding when a raised effect is required it is ideal for linear work, effectively

Drawing in thread, so it is very popular work such as the Kashmir nomads and Persian Resht work.

         BUTTONHOLE STITCH

Buttonhole stitch or blanket stitch holds the loop of the thread on the surface of the cloth. In this, the needle doesn't return to the actual hole to pass back through the cloth. The stitch is tightly packed which prevent the raveling of the woven fabric. It forms the basic for varieties of needle lace. Crossed buttonhole stitch, closed buttonhole stitch and tailor's buttonhole stitch, are some common examples of buttonhole stitch.

         BACK STITCH

Back stitch is commonly used to draft an area of design. It works along one side f the square or diagonally across the square in an encircling motion. These stitches are normally worked last with finer thread stem stitch; split stitch and crewel stitch are some examples of back stitch.

        EMBROIDERIES ON FASHIONABLE GARMENTS

        SOPHISTICATED SARI             

It is undoubtedly the embroidered garments brings out the grace and sensuality of the Indian women and makes the ultimate style statement. Sari has lot of work in them and they come in various fabrics and designs. A bridal of wedding sari can be of cotton, crepe of georgette. But traditionally silk like Banaras are kanjeevaram are mostly preferred.

Zari, organza, zardosi, cut work, mirror work, patch work, pearl work, kantha work, kashida work are all the different kinds of works that are found in saris. The styles and work on saris have changed today and sleeve and elegant look is more in fashion today. Even fashion designers have experimented with the ways of draping a sari and have been successful in presenting a modern and trendy look to the traditional sari. So don't be surprised to find a bride jacket or even a chuddy with sari.

         LEHENGAS-ALL TIME FAVOURITES

`Lehengas are a big hit this season. Meticulous planning to get the right look would involve introspecting on your personality type. The idea is to highlight the featur your plus points and subdue es that are your to highlight the feature are

     The once you don't want to accentuate. The cut of the lehenga, the length of the choli and the shape of its neck line, even the color of choose should suit your complexion. The lehenga comes in the following fittings: a-cut, straight cut, umbrella cut, fish cut or mermaid cut.    

 

WESTERN EMBROIDERIES

As part of the western formal collection in the trousseau, a jacket and trouser set is a must that you could team with a silk camisole for a formal evening look. Also, a floor length straight sheath in a fabric with a soft sheen could take you through many cocktails and dinner parties. A knee length dress in a figure flattering fabric is ideal for evenings out with friends.

CROSS STITCH

Cross stitch is one of the oldest and most popular forms of embroidery. Amongst the treasures of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London are a set of delightfully naïve panels of wild animals stitches in the 16^th century by Mary Queen of Scots and her ladies-in-waiting in half cross or tent stitch.

 

 

HERRINGBONE STITCH

Herringbone stitch, sometimes known as catch stitch or Russian stitch, is a very common variant of cross stitch, and has many variations.

 

JEWELLERY

A purely decorative accessory (bracelet or necklace) made of precious or plated metal or genuine or simulated stones mounted in precious material is called costume jewelry .the jewelry fashion trend has moved .In future winter 2009, the fashion jewelry, wholested is hand made jewelry, As we know, the gold is more expensive than ever, so many people are turning to natural stones, jewelry such as gum stones jewelry. They are so beautiful and the designs are getting better and better .stone jewelry of colors and are affordable and changing all the time. They are made of sterling silver of 925 silver. It is very attractive and silver bracelet is popular.

 

HAND CRAFTED FASHION JEWELLERY

Most women want to follow the latest fashion trends by the use singular costume jeweler wholesale, we all want to look beautiful and love for what to wear jewelry classic hand makes us more beautiful.

Jewelry is an item of personal adornment such as a necklace, ring, bracelet that is worn by a person; It may be made from gemstone or precious metals. But may be from any another material.

Jewelry is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; jewelry is sometime seen as wealth storage or functionally as holding a garment or together. It has from very early times also been regarded as a form of personal adornment the first pieces of jewelry made from natural materials such as bone, animal teeth, shell, and wood and curved stones. More exotic jewelry was probably made for wealthy people or as indication of social status. In some cases people were buried with their jewelry

 

 

BRADED FASHION JEWELLERY

Many people love beaded fashion jewelry It is a great way to treat your self and is perfect for guidance in your life special.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BEADS        

A piece of glass plastic wood crystal, gem or other material bored through the centre and strung or leather, cord, thread or chain to wear as necklace, bracelet, anklet, head band or used for embroidery usually round , but may be cylindrical square, dic shaped, pendant shaped, oblong etc.

Beading can be applied as simple or as complicated as we choose. These beads are available in rang of sizes and small beads fit easily over size in-between, there are two common methods used to sew the beads to cloth only the stitches vary ,the preparation beginning and the results are the same, we can also bead from paper, sheet metal and found objects

There are different types of varieties of beads such as different kinds of beads are as follows

        Seed beads

        Ethic beads

         Stone beads

         Glass beads

         Plastic beads

         Polymer clay beads

    GLASS BEADS

The range of glass beads includes plain glass beads, glass pony beads, frosted glass bead, white heart beads and various glass mix beads
which can be used as embellishments on your clothes or decorative items or for fashion accessories. The beads of frosted finish beads polish finish beads which are available in various colors, shapes and sizes. These beads can be used in various industries. Fine quality beads are available in different colors and shapes. These bright Indian glass beads are love by all. Cylindrical and round beads are available in simple as well as decorative. One particular type of glass beads known as lamp work glass bead is very famous. Glass provide with the benefit like cost effectiveness and impressive appearance. It is widely used for wearing as bracelet, hears ornaments and often used as decorative items. Bumpy beads are the beautiful beads gaining attention of lots.Used for different purpose like in jewelry making, in manufacturing of bags, belts, sleepers etc.

        HORN BEADS

Horn beads are available in various shapes like round, oval, cylindrical and many more. Horn beads are capable of imparting looks that can simply be termed as stunning. Horn beads possess some very strong qualities that have made them popular among masses. Shell beads are made from shells found in fresh water. Shell beads are used in jewelry making, in arts and crafts, and for own adornment. Shell beads have a magical effect on establishment of oneself. Shell beads are the perfect accessories for casual and semi-formal wear. Shell beads have occupied a very special place in the market. The semi precious beads are very attractive and unique. It is created by jade, hematite, gold stone, ruby, diamond, topaz, etc. The semi precious beads are used for multiples purpose and are found in many shapes and sizes. Some example of semi precious beads are agate beads, aquamarine beads, cat eye beads, feldspar beads, garnet beads, jade beads, kunzite beads, jasper beads, lapis lazuli beads, malachite beads, obsidian beads, opal beads, olivine beads, pyrite beads, quartz beads, tanzanite beads. The semi precious beads is used a part of jewelry. These semi precious beads are also worn in rings and as pendants for astrological purpose.    

SILVER FOIL BEADS    

Silver foil beads are available in attractive shapes and sizes. These beads give a striking look. Varied shapes and sizes are available in furnace silver foil beads.

WOODEN BEADS

Wooden beads are made up of wood and are available in various shapes like are round, cube, oval, spiral, and barrel, rectangular. Furthermore wood beads are also available in shapes of various flowers, animals and leaves. Despite having natural wood color wood beads are often artificially colored to make it look appealing. These beads are available in both polishes and unpolished form. Various types of woods like acacia, oak, pear tree, bamboo, pine, teak, and rose wood are used for making wood beads. Wood beads are widely used in garments and apparels .It is also used in jewelry making like in necklace

 

TERRACOTTA BEADS

Terracotta beads have a circle\dot mimicking a eye, which is very used in making beautiful bracelets & jewelleries.

BONE BEADS

Bone beads are available in different shapes ranging shapes from round, oval, cylindrical, tube to square. Bone beads are usually found in the shades of white and yellow color, but they are painted and designed to look like stripes, dots. This coloring and designing make them beautiful and visually appealing. By virtue of its quality bone beads are in great demand. Bone beads are extensively used as jewelry. It can also be used in showpieces.    

MIX BEADS

                Mix beads in various assorted shapes & colors used.

METAL BEADS

Metal beads are available in different finishes and shape that acts as perfect entities to be presented as a gift on several ceremonial occasions. Copper beads are available in distinct golden color and are round in shape. Copper can be broken into alloys as well as it can be combined with other metals to make new alloys. Copper beads are having the quality to adorn establishment in an optimum manner. Copper beads are very much suitable for any kind of occasion may it be parties or marriages.

SEED BEADS

Seed beads are used in making various kinds of jewelries. Seed beads are also used in relation to art and craft. Seed beads are a versatile product; hence Seed beads are also used in embroidery and decorations. Cost-effectiveness and beautiful appearance, these properties make Seed beads in integral part of daily life.

ANIMAL FACES BEADS

Animal faces beads like cat, owl, tiger, lion, fishes & many mores in very attractive designs.

 

HEART SHAPES BEADS

            All types of Heart shapes beads in many designs, shapes & colors.

FLOWER BEADS

Flower beads are available in multiple colors and are found useful in kids wear, hair clips and handicraft work. These beads are an important component of jewelry and craft works.

BEADED BRACELETS

Beaded bracelets are always popular and there are endless varieties of bracelets that are available in metal, antique, wood, glass, resin, horn, foil and crystal. The beaded bracelets come in varying colors, sizes and shapes suit the requirements of every occasion-fashion, marriage, informal gatherings, formal gatherings, and festivals.

SEA SHELL BEADS

The shell beads are available in varies colors & sizes. They are quite invaluable because of the sheer design, texture & amount of hard labour gone into its making.

BEADED STRINGS

Beaded strings are available in many attractive designs & colors which suits to create bracelets, necklace etc.

 

BEADED KITS

These beautiful beaded kits are useful to make jewelry, bracelets, necklace, & earnings. Vide range of beaded kits in many designs, colors which to new age generation to make their won jewelry.

PANDORA BEADS

The stylish collection of Pandora beads in many designs shapes with silver plated metal core. These beads are an important component of jewelry and impart beauty to them beauty the large hole Pandora beads are used for stringing on leather thick cords to make the beautiful necklace & bracelets which is very demanding now a days.

PAPER BEADS

Paper beads is used to make beautiful jewelry like necklace, bracelets, key chains, Ear rings, decorative items & many mire.

BEADED BEADS

Beaded beads are a beads covers with many beads. Some beaded beads are suave, some are spunky, some are just plain beautiful. These beaded beads are all made around a wooden round bead. The beads when woven together can maintain their shape just the thread tension but this is not always suitable, since in many cases the beads must hold their shape. The beaded beads are used as jewelry- the beaded bead can be worn alone, on a chain as pendant, can be used in rings, nose pins and ear rings.

 

                    
APPLIQUES    

Appliqué is a fabric trim that consist of a separate piece fabric applied to a large background for the purpose of decoration.the appliqués is done by cutting out a motif from a piece. Many appliqués are made almost entirely with embroidery of different colour contrasting solids , prints and fabric with define texture and them selves appliqué

The appliqué may be attached either by hand or by machine. A great deal of imported infants wear has intricate hand done appliqué and embroidery. Sports wear also make wide use of appliqués, Fur our leather may be used for a design effect. These fabrics are quite expensive.

QUILTSAPPLIQUE EMBROIDERY DESIGN

The use of appliqué embroidery as a method of decorating fabrics began as early as 980 BC in Egypt with the making of a leather canopy. Appliqué is a popular embroidery technique in which piece of different fabrics are sewn onto a base fabric either by inlaying or outlaying to form beautiful embroidery patterns and designs. It is a creative method of decorating fabric by using beads, sequins and other materials to create eye catching patterns and designs.

Embroidery appliqué is famous for adding appeal to any fabric. This technique involves embroidering different pieces of a fabric above a fabric that is used as base, to from exquisite designs and patterns. Quills pearls, metal strips, beads or sequins are used to create attractive embroidery designs. There are essentially two kinds of appliqué embroidery.

 

HAND APPLIQUE

This method requires an embroidery to sew the fabrics, who has to have knowledge of different stitching styles.

MACHINE APPLIQUE

                This is done by using a sewing machine.

APPLICATION OF QUILTS APPLIQUE

Clothing

Curtains

Wall Hangings

Cushions

Bags.

 

SEQUINS

Sequins rhinestones, pearls and other gem like material traditionally have been used to add glamour. Excitement and fantasy. Such ornaments have been manufacture rather than natural.

                    

 

LACES

Decorative open work fabric made by hand or machine by looping, braiding, interlacing, knitting or twisting of thread to form a pattern . This is a faragile. File or elaborately designed open work fabric structure produced by manipulating network of thread of yarn. Laces may be made by hand or now made by machines.

            There are different types of laces. Some of the are as follows

All over laces

     Banging\lace ribbon

    Banding\rib boned lace

    Border lace\ flounce

     Edging lace

     Gallon lace

    Insertion lace

     Medallion

     Motif

    Spring

    PATCHWORK

Patchwork has been in vogue for decades and gained immense popularity during Great Depression, as it was the only method to recycle worn clothing into warm quilts. It is a form of needle work involving sewing together of small pieces of fabrics and stitching them together to form a larger design or pattern

    TYPES OF PATCHWORK

    Stained glass window patchwork

         Cathedral window patchwork

         Somerset patchwork

    Trap unto (Stuffed or Puff patchwork)

     Crazy quilting

     Appliqué

     APPLICATION OF PATCHWORK

Bags

Wall Hangings

Clothing

 

WOMENS WEARS

Women's wear is a mass- market garment on the women's wear new series are frequently introduced in the market, mostly the decorative items and highly fashionable accessories are introduces only in the women wears. They bear a reflection of both tradition and modernity.

The planning and selection of clothing for accessories is one of the most creative activities. The material is based on the purpose of the garment as will as the accessories are selected, according to suit the style and occasion, These decorations are being used to increase the value of the garment, The women's are wearing many types of garments in a Varity of combination for the same occasion. It covers the different level of consumer like low, medium, high budgeted people.

Nearly every women attempts to express her personality and her sence of becomingness as reflected in her various moods and in which she is engaged, normally the garments are produced with lace, motif, beads, zerthosy, embroideries, etc.

 

SATEEN AND SAITN

In pure sateen and satin weaves the surface of the cloth consist almost entirely either of weft or warp float, as in the repeat of a weave each thread of one passes over all but one thread of the other series.

In addition, the interlacing are so arranged as to follow the floting threads to slip and to cover the 'binding' point of one thread by the float of another. This results in the production of fabrics with a maximum degree of smoothness and luster and without any prominent weave features. Very close packing of possible and quite heavy constructions can be achieved with properly set cloths. Fabrics with in sufficiently close thread spacing, however, exhibit poor Sam strength in made up articles due to seam slippage arising on account of the excessive freedom of the threads.

The term sateen and satin tend to be used somewhat indiscriminately and are frequently confused one with another. Correctly, sateen indicates a weft faced construction, whiles satin is used with reference to a corresponding warp face structure. This different is reflected in the settings of the respective cloths and sateen's are constructed with a greater number of picks per inch than ends per inch, conversely, satins have more ends than picks per inch in order to achieve the desired solid surface effect.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SATEEN AND SATIN

In pure sateen and satin weaves the surface of the cloth consists almost entirely either of warp or weft float.

In a repeat of a weave each thread of one series passes over all but one thread of the other series.

            This cloth is having maximum degree of smoothness and luster.

            There is no prominent weave features

Very close packing of thread is possible

Heavy construction can be achieved with properly set cloths.

It is having poor seam strength due to seam slippage arising on account of the excessive freedom of the threads.

Sateen can be made upon 4 or more heald shafts.

 

    
 

        
 

COMPARISION OF SATEEN AND SATIN

 

SATEEN

Weft faced construction.

Picks per inch is more than ends per inch.

Production cost is more due to more picks per inch.

Easy to weave because of one shaft is to be raised.

SATIN

Warp faced construction.

Ends per inch are more than picks per inch.

Production cost is less due to less no of picks per inch.

Difficult to weave due to more no of shafts are raised.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONCLUTION

 

1)Garments with fashionable effects produced successfully in this Project work and the following are the concluding

2)The jewelry and animal effect (pea cock) effect, In the garment have an elegant look, shiny and rich appearance

3) It can be used as occasional and function

4)These effects will stand for a long period in

5)This project work will have scope for the further improvement also.

6) The appearance of the garment can be improved by different types of Appliqués .

7) Rich appearance can be improved by adding innovative attachments.